Characterization in John Updike’s A&P Essay

Van Gogh and Braque Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Van Gogh and Braque - Research Paper Example Vincent van Gogh is a post-impressionism craftsman who initially rehearsed the impressionist styles of utilizing brilliant hues as reflected in nature. Like some other post impressionist, he needed to investigate different types of communicating in his works of art by going past what is for the most part observed and probe changing the hues or consolidating them to come out with the ideal mixes or differences. His composition entitled The Church at Auvers 1890 which is a subject in this paper is said to have been drawn during the late long stretches of the craftsman when he was battling with his emotional wellness. Georges Braque then again is a cubist who began the time with Pablo Picasso who in the early long stretches of the twentieth century was investigating his work of art with a similar thought as that of Braque. They were significantly impacted by Paul Cezanne who exhorted them that craftsman should move toward their works with circles, chambers and cones. Contrasting The Church at Auvers and Braque’s Woman with a Guitar, it is seen that the hues are not as brilliant as different specialists use as opposed to the impressionists as referenced before just as the sentimental craftsmen who trusted in delineating nature as they are outwardly seen with its regular hues unaltered. The essential hues and the mix of which were utilized in the two centerpieces slanting the tints to be of the darker shade. In contrast to the brilliant shaded works of art, the two may not be those which effectively draw in crowds with undeveloped eyes for expressions rather would most presumably be seen by the individuals who have some information on the excellence and contrasts in craftsmanships. The lines utilized in the previously mentioned works are short, The Church at Auvers shows one of the interests and reasons why the post impressionists moved from their peers, which is the utilization of short broken lines, not so much after the typical lines whic h are found in the normal things. Lady with a Guitar then again utilizes short lines yet not in the manner utilized by the impressionists which despite everything gives an almost photographic appearance however are utilized so as to resemble an image with 3D shapes cut from it. The target of the cubists in ‘cubing’ their works of art isn't just for them to break down fine arts however to draw in their crowds in the examination. One might say that they have been effective in this through their specialties in light of the fact that in fact, one needs to look all the more eagerly at the compositions so as to interpret what the picture is about. Lines in the two works of art have been fundamental in the statement of the artists’ musings in light of the fact that a crowd of people who looks nearer can see further to the considerations of the painter. For example, the 3D shapes, circles, straight and bended lines utilized by Braque show his enthusiasm for the numerical part of his energy while van Vogh’s lines show mental state when he was chipping away at his piece. Despite the fact that the two craftsmen utilized oil in solicit for their compositions, Braque likewise utilized charcoal which characterized the darker shades of shading in his specialty. First looks of the two fine arts as of now show their disparities. Drawn by specialists who were of various times, the compositions recount to the narrative of their reality. Von Vagh utilized delicate forms in his work of art and however didn't follow the sentimental style with the photographic impact of his artistic creations it still obviously shows what the image is about. The bird’s eye see appears on the double the subject of the work of art which in this paper is likewise the title of the artistic creation, the congregation at Auvers. The subtleties anyway give an alternate story like the lines utilized, the hues and the subject itself as identified with the painter. The size o f the items in the fine art is ordinary where the congregation looks greater than the lady going towards it, mirroring the impact of impressionism when contrasted with the size of articles in progress of Dadaists who cause their subjects to have outrageous sizes. Despite the fact that the work of art is two-dimensional, it mirrors an image that is nearly

Build Your Author Website in Four Simple Steps

Build Your Author Website in Four Simple Steps If you are an author, building your website will not only help you reach wider audiencesâ€"its also a great resource to promote your work and build your online presence. While social media might reach audiences easier than an author website, its also a third-party service that doesnt give you total creative control over how you are presented. Your website, however, can be something that you have complete creative control over and build over time exactly the way you want it.Step 1: Buy a domain nameThe URL or web address of your site is also known as its domain name. For example, StephenKing.com is Stephen Kings personal author website, and most writers choose their first and last name as their URL. However, [yourname].com might not be available, so be sure to consider .org and .net, as well. Another thing you can do is add author to the end of your name on the URL (for example, stephenkingauthor.com) or books (stephenkingbooks.com).There are several services available online to help you find and purchase a domain name. Google is one and most top-level domain names (.com) are $12 annually going this route. GoDaddy is another popular domain name purchasing site, and advertises domains as low as .99 cents annually.Keep in mind, however, that if you plan to choose managed hosting, which well cover below, many of the hosting plans offer a free domain name with purchase of premium hosting services. This means step one and step two would be combined in your purchase of hosting services, so dont buy the domain name separately.Step 2: Select a hostYour sites host will be the servers that contain your website, and can vary from free hosting, fee-based self-hosting, and managed or premium hosting. Most authorsâ€"particularly those who have never built a website beforeâ€"will want to go with the managed or premium hosting option because these types of services offer full customization, site data backup, and technical support.If youre just starting out as an author and dont have a lot of money to spend on building and maintaining an author website, it might be a good idea to start with free hosting. Sites like Wix and WordPress are great places to start, although if you want the freedom to move your content to a paid service, be careful that you choose a host that will allow you to do this. Below, we look at some of the most popular options used by authors for their author website and what you can expect from each.WordPressOne reason WordPress is so popular is that it is a free, open-source content management system that is used for approximately 20% of websites that are online. Its free option includes a WordPress.com subdomain, community support, multiple free themes with basic design customization, and 3GB of storage space, although there will be WordPress.com ads on your page. For just $4 per month (billed annually), youll get a custom domain name, email and live chat support, several free themes to choose from with basic design customization, 6GB of storage space, and all WordPress.com ads will be removed from your site. Their $8 per month (billed annually) package tends to be the most popular choice for authors, and includes a custom domain name, email and live chat support, Unlimited Premium Themes, Advanced Design Customization, 13GB Storage Space, options to monetize your site and all WordPress.com ads will be removed.SquarespaceSquarespace is another highly popular hosting and website building site thats easy to use and offers a built-in selling platform. For $18 per month (billed annually) or $26 per month (billed month to month), you can have a fully customizable website with unlimited pages, galleries and blogs. This price also includes unlimited bandwidth usage and storage, so is perfect for an author who already has a sizeable following and is ready to integrate e-commerce (for example, books sales) into their website. Squarespace boasts mobile optimization for all websites, which means that visitors will see a pr ofessional, well-designed website, even if they are looking at it on their mobile phones or other portable devices. The site also offers a free custom domain name with any purchase of a hosting package and 24/7 customer support.WixWix provides an extremely easy-to-use website-building interface that creates gorgeous websites, although the heavy use of flash might make optimizing your website for SEO a bit trickier. For $17.50 per month ($14 per month if you pay annually), Wix offers hosting, unlimited bandwidth, 10 GB of storage, a free domain, and $300 worth of Ad vouchers to promote your site. There are cheaper and more expensive plans offered on the site, as well, depending on what you need and whether youre willing to have Wix ads show on your website. They also offer mobile optimization for when visitors view your website on a mobile device and a logo maker which can come in handy if you are starting fresh and need to build your author brand identity from scratch.Step 3: Design your siteIf youve chosen one of the managed hosting sites listed above, there are templates available where youll simply replace the photos and text with your custom content. These templates are great ways to get a site up and running quickly without spending a lot of time learning the ins and outs of website development and HTML coding. However, in the process of designing your website, keep in mind these website design best practices:Keep it clean (from a design perspective)Cluttered, overly wordy websites are not only annoying to be on and look atâ€"theyre highly ineffective. Dont just take our word for it, either, because there is data showing that most users spend 10-20 seconds on a web page they visit. They will stay for up to a minute if they feel there is a clear value proposition being offered in what theyre reading/seeing on the site. But put simply: few people are going to read a lot of cluttered copy or sift through a bunch of images on your website, so just dont do it. Keep the design clean, let there be white space, and avoid too many words (just leave those for your creative writing efforts).Keep it simpleWeve all been to websites that are difficult to navigate. Your author website should include a page that has your bio, a link to your blog (if you have one), your social media account links, and a way to contact you for press inquiries or representation. If you are planning to use your website for e-commerce, your pages navigation might be slightly more complicated, but ultimatelyâ€"the simpler it is to navigate, the more people will want to be on it.This same rule of simplicity applies to your website copy, as well. Since your visitors will initially scan a page for headings, use them often and wisely by choosing important keywords and/or hooks as headings for your text. Along with having multiple headings to break up long sections of text, keep in mind the following best practices for simple copy:Use short sentences and short paragraphs â€" This doesnt mean your sentences should all be five words or less, because then your copy will be monotonous and repetitive. This just means that you should have more short sentences than long sentences and your paragraphs shouldnt regularly be more than five sentences in length.Dont be wordy â€" Remember the data above about how long your websites audience is likely to stay around? It should be a consideration for writing copy, as well. If you have 10-20 seconds to get someones attention, long paragraphs are a bad idea. Your audience will likely skim the headings (which is why you should have them) and decide from that if the page is worth reading more in-depth.Dont use language your audience wont get â€" The word choice, voice and tone of your website copy should reflect your writing. If it sounds like someone else wrote the copy, your website wont have the same appeal.Keep it credibleThe easiest way to lose credibility as an author is to project an unprofessional, lazy image. With websites offering freelance editing servicesâ€"and even free proofreading programs available onlineâ€"there is no excuse to have any of the following on your website:Spelling/grammar errorsFalse factsInflated credentialsStep 4: Keep it updatedEstablishing a reputation as an author is a long and complicated process. Its not something that will happen overnight and a website needs to be updated and tweaked to stay relevant and professional. Your website is a significant marketing opportunity for you to sell your work and attract a larger audience, so put some time into creating it, updating it, and getting the word out about it (through social media, guest blog pieces, etc.). This is especially true if you are a self-published author and it could make a significant difference in the success of your book(s).

How Does Your Smoke Detector Work

There are two main types of smoke detectors: ionization detectors and photoelectric detectors. A smoke alarm uses one or both methods, sometimes plus a heat detector, to warn of a fire. The devices may be powered by a 9-volt battery, lithium battery, or 120-volt house wiring. Ionization Detectors Ionization detectors have an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation. The source of ionizing radiation is a minute quantity of americium-241 (perhaps 1/5000th of a gram), which is a source of alpha particles (helium nuclei). The ionization chamber consists of two plates separated by about a centimeter. The battery applies a voltage to the plates, charging one plate positive and the other plate negative. Alpha particles constantly released by the americium knock electrons off of the atoms in the air, ionizing the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the chamber. The positively-charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms are attracted to the negative plate and the electrons are attracted to the positive plate, generating a small, continuous electric current. When smoke enters the ionization chamber, the smoke particles attach to the ions and neutralize them, so they do not reach the plate. The drop in current between the plates triggers the alarm. Photoelectric Detectors In one type of photoelectric device, smoke can block a light beam. In this case, the reduction in light reaching a photocell sets off the alarm. In the most common type of photoelectric unit, however, light is scattered by smoke particles onto a photocell, initiating an alarm. In this type of detector there is a T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting diode (LED) that shoots a beam of light across the horizontal bar of the T. A photocell, positioned at the bottom of the vertical base of the T, generates a current when it is exposed to light. Under smoke-free conditions, the light beam crosses the top of the T in an uninterrupted straight line, not striking the photocell positioned at a right angle below the beam. When smoke is present, the light is scattered by smoke particles, and some of the light is directed down the vertical part of the T to strike the photocell. When sufficient light hits the cell, the current triggers the alarm. Which Method is Better? Both ionization and photoelectric detectors are effective smoke sensors. Both types of smoke detectors must pass the same test to be certified as UL smoke detectors. Ionization detectors respond more quickly to flaming fires with smaller combustion particles; photoelectric detectors respond more quickly to smoldering fires. In either type of detector, steam or high humidity can lead to condensation on the circuit board and sensor, causing the alarm to sound. Ionization detectors are less expensive than photoelectric detectors, but some users purposely disable them because they are more likely to sound an alarm from normal cooking due to their sensitivity to minute smoke particles. However, ionization detectors have a degree of built-in security not inherent to photoelectric detectors. When the battery starts to fail in an ionization detector, the ion current falls and the alarm sounds, warning that it is time to change the battery before the detector becomes ineffective. Backup batte ries may be used for photoelectric detectors.

Inferential and Cognitive Interviewing Techniques Essays

You will interview a friend or family member who is elderly, a child, or who has a developmental disability, about an event or incident in his or her daily life. Summarize the story they tell you and identify the set of interview techniques that you utilized. Explain why you used these interview techniques. Discuss what considerations you took into account prior to interviewing this individual. Identify and define any techniques you utilized during the interview. I interviewed my grandma who is 74 going on 75 in June. I am going to use inferential interviewing and cognitive interviewing in my paper. First, I had asked my grandma to tell me a little about herself, and what she does on a daily basis; a little about her duties. When asking†¦show more content†¦I put the shower stool into the shower and put the small towel over the seat for me to sit on because I can no longer stand more than 2 or 3 minutes at a time. I turned on the shower and showered, dried off, and put on my clothes for the day. She picks out a pair of pants, blouse, under britches, and compression knee highs, because the blood does not flow up my legs, properly anymore. I also put my shoes on as I walk better with them. (Personal Communication, P.S, 2014). I had followed up with a question on why she had to use a shower stool, she answered by saying: she is old and her knees aren’t very good and if she doesn’t use one she will fall and most likely hurt herself. She also mentioned; â€Å"I am bone on bone with my knees and I am missing several disks in my spine as they have collapsed. I am in pain all the time so I take quite a bit of aspirin (650mg at each meal and again before going to be) during my waking hours†(Personal Communication, P.S, 2013). Here are some more of what she does on a daily basis: After I get ready I will go to the kitchen and fix breakfast for me and my husband. I also get out the pills for the day for the both of us at this time. My husband has sugar but I dont (Personal Communication, P.S, 2014). I followed up with why do you take so many pills in the morning? She answered: â€Å"my husband had a heart operation and I had stints and then a heart attack so we both take pills for the heart. We also both take B-12; I take aShow MoreRelatedThe effect of assessment type (self vs. peer) on Iranian University EFL students course achivement4982 Words   |  20 Pagesresearch, the effect of self- and peer-assessment was stud participants (19 and 21 students in self- and peer-assessment groups, respectively, and all from Urmia University) were pretested on their current Teaching Methods knowledge (based on Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching, Larsen-Freeman, 2006). After receiving relevant instruction and training, while the peer-assessment group was engaged in peer-assessment activities for four sessions, the self-assessment group was busy withRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pages04-Marshall-4864.qxd 2/1/2006 3:16 PM Page 97 4 Data Collection Methods ⠝â€" ⠝â€" ⠝â€" Q ualitative researchers typically rely on four methods for gathering information: (a) participating in the setting, (b) observing directly, (c) interviewing in depth, and (d) analyzing documents and material culture. These form the core of their inquiry—the staples of the diet. Several secondary and specialized methods of data collection supplement them. This chapter provides a brief discussion of the primary andRead MoreEssay on Childrens Comprehension of Television Messages9798 Words   |  40 Pageslistening to, but what they remember from the TV and what meaning the TV content has for them. Much of the research which has adopted a cognitive developmental perspective on studies of children and television has examined childrens comprehension of television messages. The underlying assumption of these studies is that children bring different cognitive abilities and social experiences to the TV-viewing situation and that these influence how children made sense of the messages. Younger childrenRead MoreJob Analysis13751 Words   |  56 Pagesjob knowledge tests. -Develop paper-and-pencil performance or proficiency tests. -Perform content validation research using subject matter experts to produce/evaluate the content. -Set passing points for assessment procedures. -Develop tests of cognitive ability. -Develop benchmark or rating level definitions. -Develop procedures for assessing education, training, and experience of applicants. -Develop work-sample/simulation selection procedures. -Develop interview or oral examination proceduresRead MoreThe Use of Literature in Teac hing English as a Foreign Language6056 Words   |  25 PagesThe Use of Literature in Teaching English as a Foreign Language By: Amr Alhemiary Abstract This research aims at emphasizing the use of literature as a popular technique for teaching both basic language skills (i.e. reading, writing, speaking and listening)and language areas(i.e. vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation) in our times. Reasons for using literary text in a foreign language classroom, suitable situations for teaching literature and main criteria for selecting suitable literary textsRead MoreThe Effect of Student Attitudes and Beliefs on Mathematics Education29432 Words   |  118 Pages Data was collected through the use of students’ questionnaire and Teacher’s Questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. For descriptive statistics, frequency tables, means and standard deviations were used. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), t- test and Chi- Square (χ2) were employed for the inferential statistics. The study established that the students’ attitudes towards mathematics have greatly improved as a result of SMASSE INSET. The studyRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesCOGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD This page intentionally left blank COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD DAVID A. CLARK THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London  © 2004 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved Paperback edition 2007 Except as noted, no part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words   |  100 PagesAbstract   The practice of celebrities being used for rendering services other than performing their actual job as either an actor or an athlete, such as endorsements has proliferated over time. Despite the cost and the risks involved with this technique of advertising, it is been used quite extensively in the present era. The instrument of celebrity endorsement has nowadays become a pervasive element in advertising and communication management. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1  Background  to  the  topic   Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesInterpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 677 Activity 12.1 Pick a Number, Any Number . . . 680 Activity 12.2 Color and Perceived Taste 680 Graphing Calculator Explorations 685 13 Simple Linear Regression and Correlation: Inferential Methods 689 13.1 Simple Linear Regression Model 690 13.2 Inferences About the Slope of the Population Regression Line 702 13.3 Checking Model Adequacy 713 13.4 Inferences Based on the Estimated Regression Line (Optional) 725 13.5 Inferences About

Computer Operating Systems Free Essays

string(75) " kernel of the operating system load into memory \(RAM\) from storage \(i\." ICT 100: Introduction to Information and Communications Technology Unit 3: Operating Systems Objectives: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define the term software Differentiate between system software and application software Define the terms operating system and utility program Identify the types of operating systems Explain the boot process of a computer Describe the functions of an operating system Identify common utility programs Software, also called a program, consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. The two categories of software are system software and application software. System Software System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Operating Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. It includes the following: 1. Operating Systems 2. Library Programs 3. Utility Programs Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources. Every computer needs an operating system to act as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It allows the user to perform tasks without having to know how they are done. For example, a user can give a command to save a file on disk without having to know where the file will be stored or how it will be retrieved again. When a command is given to print a document, the user does not have to be concerned with the details of how the printer works – a program called a device driver takes care of the details. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 1 of 9 The operating system that a computer uses sometimes is called the platform. With purchased application software, the package or specifications identify the required platform (operating system). A cross-platform program is one that runs the same on multiple operating systems. Application programs are usually written to work with a particular operating system, so that a word processor, which works with Windows, will not work on an Apple Mac, which has a different operating system. When purchasing application software, ensure that it works with the operating system installed on your computer or mobile device. The Bootstrap Process The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting. When turning on a computer that has been powered off completely, you are performing a cold boot. A warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart a computer. A warm boot properly closes any running processes and programs; however, it does not save any unsaved work. Thus, always remember to save your work before rebooting (restarting) a computer. Each time you boot a computer, the kernel and other frequently used operating system instructions are loaded, or copied, from storage into the computer’s memory (RAM). The kernel is the core of an operating system that manages memory and devices, maintains the computer’s clock, starts programs, and assigns the computer’s resources, such as devices, programs, data, and information. The kernel is memory resident, which means it remains in memory while the computer is running. Other parts of the operating system are nonresident, that is, these instructions remain on a storage medium until they are needed. When you boot a computer, a series of messages may appear on the screen. The actual information displayed varies depending on the make and type of the computer and the equipment installed. The boot process, however, is similar for large and small computers. The steps of the bootstrap process are given and explained below: Step 1: The power supply sends a signal to the components in the system unit. When you turn on the computer, the power supply sends an electrical signal to the components in the system unit. Step 2: The processor finds the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS. The charge of electricity causes the processor chip to reset itself and find the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS. The BIOS (pronounced BYE-ose), which stands for basic input/output system, is firmware that contains the computer’s start-up instructions. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 2 of 9 Step 3: The BIOS performs the POST, which checks components, such as the mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards. The BIOS executes a series of tests to make sure the computer hardware is connected properly and operating correctly. The tests, collectively called the power-on self test (POST ), check the various system components including the buses, system clock, adapter cards, RAM chips, mouse, keyboard, and drives. As the POST executes, LEDs (tiny lights) flicker on devices such as the disk drives and keyboard. Beeps also may sound, and messages may appear on the screen. Step 4: The results of the POST are compared with data in a CMOS chip. The POST results are compared with data in a CMOS chip. CMOS is a technology that uses battery power to retain information when the computer is off. The CMOS chip stores configuration information about the computer, such as the amount of memory; type of disk drives, keyboard, and monitor; the current date and time; and other startup information. It also detects any new devices connected to the computer. If any problems are identified, the computer may beep, display error messages, or cease operating — depending on the severity of the problem. Step 5: The BIOS may look for the system files on a USB flash drive or on an optical disc drive or may look directly on drive C (hard disk). If the POST completes successfully, the BIOS searches for specific operating system files called system files. The BIOS may look first to see if a USB flash drive plugged in a USB port or a disc in an optical disc drive contains the system files, or it may look directly on drive C (the designation usually iven to the first hard disk) for the system files. Step 6: The system files and the kernel of the operating system load into memory (RAM) from storage (i. You read "Computer Operating Systems" in category "Essay examples" e. , hard disk). Once located, the system files load into memory (RAM) from storage (usually the hard disk) and execute. Next, the kernel of the operating system loads into memory . Then, the operating system in memory takes control of the computer. Step 7: The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts several background processes, and displays the desktop on the screen. The operating system loads system configuration information. Necessary operating system files are loaded into memory. On some computers, the operating system verifies that the person attempting to use the computer is a legitimate user. Finally, the desktop and icons are displayed on the screen. The operating system executes programs in the Startup folder, which contains a list of programs that open automatically when you boot the computer. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 3 of 9 Figure 1 The bootstrap process Shut down options including powering off the computer, placing the computer in sleep mode, and hibernating the computer. Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state. If, for some reason, power is removed from a computer that is in sleep mode, any unsaved work could be lost. Hibernate, by contrast, saves any open documents and programs to a hard disk before removing power from the computer. Operating System Functions Operating systems perform the following functions: (1) manage resources, (2) manage backing store, (3) handle interrupts, (4) provides a user interface, (5) provide networking capabilities, (6) provide security. . Manage Resources The operating system keeps track of all resources (CPU, disk, memory, files, input and output devices etc. ). Through scheduling it decides what process gets what resource, when it gets it, ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 4 of 9 how much and for how long. This is called allocation of resources. Resources can also be taken away from a process. This is called de- allocation of resources. Memory Management Computers are capable of holding several programs in memory simultaneously so that a user can switch from one application to another. The purpose of memory management is to optimize the use of random access memory (RAM). The operating system allocates, or assigns, data and instructions to an area of memory while they are being processed. Then, it carefully monitors the contents of memory. Finally, the operating system releases these items from being monitored in memory when the processor no longer requires them. If there is no memory management then one program might accidentally address the memory space occupied by another. This would result in corrupting programs with potentially disastrous results. Virtual memory is used when sufficient physical RAM is not available. Part of a hard disk is allocated to be used as if it were main memory. The speed of access is very slow compared to RAM access speed. File Management The file management part of an operating system has four basic functions: 1. To allocate space on the storage device to hold each file stored, and to deallocate space when a file is deleted. Space is usually divided into fixed size allocation units (addressable blocks) of say 512 or 1024 bytes. 2. To keep track of the allocation units occupied by each file. Files may be split over several allocation units, not necessarily contiguous (i. e. together). A file may initially occupy one unit of 512 bytes, and then when updated by a user, need extra space which may have to be found somewhere else on the disk. 3. To control file access rights and permissions. 4. To map logical file addresses to physical addresses. For example, a physical disk may be split into several logical drives C, D, E, F, G. Managing Programs Some operating systems support a single user and only one running program at a time. Others support thousands of users running multiple programs. How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity. A single user/single tasking operating system allows only one user to run one program at a time. A single user/multitasking operating system allows a single user to work on two or more programs that reside in memory at the same time. When a computer is running multiple programs concurrently, one program is in the foreground and the others are in the background. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 5 of 9 The one in the foreground is the active program, that is, the one you currently are using. The other programs running but not in use are in the background. A multiuser operating system enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously. Networks, servers, mainframes, and super computers allow hundreds to thousands of users to connect at the same time, and thus are multiuser. A multiprocessing operating system supports two or more processors running programs at the same time. Multiprocessing involves the coordinated processing of programs by more than one processor. Multiprocessing increases a computer’s processing speed. 2. Manage Backing Store The operating system is responsible for the transfer of data from secondary storage (e. g. disk) to memory and vice versa. It also has to maintain a directory of the disk so that files and free spaces can be quickly located. 3. Handle Interrupts The operating system detects interrupts (such as the click of the mouse or a process indicating that it is finished with the processor) and then performs the necessary task (such as allowing the processor to be used by another process). 4. Provide a User Interface You interact with software through its user interface. That is, a user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. The operating system acts as a user interface between the user and the machine. Command-Line Interface To configure devices, manage system resources, and troubleshoot network connections, network administrators and other advanced users work with a commandline interface. In a command-line interface, a user types commands or presses special keys on the keyboard (such as function keys or key combinations) to enter data and instructions. Graphical User Interface Most users today work with a graphical user interface. With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images such as buttons and other graphical objects to issue commands. Many current GUI operating systems incorporate features similar to those of a Web browser, such as links and navigation buttons (i. e. , Back button and Forward button). Some GUI operating systems provide access to command-line interfaces. Menu-driven Interface User is presented with a range of options from which to choose ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 6 of 9 Form Interface A user interface in which the computer outputs separate prompt and response fields for a number of inputs. Natural Language – the interface consists of standard languages such as English, Spanish, French, and Dutch etc. 5. Provide Networking Capabilities Some operating systems have networking capabilities built in, others are creating specifically for managing networks, e. g. server operating systems. Networking capabilities include organizing and coordinating how multiple users access and share resources on a network. Resources include hardware, software, data, and information. For example, a server operating system allows multiple users to share a printer, Internet access, files, and programs. The network administrator, the person overseeing network operations, uses the server operating system to add and remove users, computers, and other devices to and from the network. The network administrator also uses the server operating system to install software and administer network security. 6. Provide Security Computer and network administrators typically have an administrator account that enables them to access all files and programs on the computer or network, install programs, and specify settings that affect all users on a computer or network. Settings include creating user accounts and establishing permissions. These permissions define who can access certain resources and when they can access those resources. For each user, the computer or network administrator establishes a user account, which enables a user to access, or log on to, a computer or a network. Each user account typically consists of a user name and password. A user name, or user ID, is a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet or numbers that identifies one specific user. Many users select a combination of their first and last names as their user name. A user named Henry Baker might choose HBaker as his user name. A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name that allows access to certain computer resources. Some operating systems allow the computer or network administrator to assign passwords to files and commands, restricting access to only authorized users. After entering a user name and password, the operating system compares the user’s entry with a list of authorized user names and passwords. If the entry matches the user name and password ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 7 of 9 ept on file, the operating system grants the user access. If the entry does not match, the operating system denies access to the user. To protect sensitive data and information further as it travels over a network, the operating system may encrypt it. Encryption is the process of encoding data and information into an unreadable form. Administrators can specify that data be encrypted as it travels over a n etwork to prevent unauthorized users from reading the data. When an authorized user attempts to read the data, it automatically is decrypted, or converted back into a readable form. Types of Operating Systems Operating systems can be divided into the three following types: 1. Stand-alone 2. Server 3. Embedded Stand-Alone Operating System A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device. Some stand-alone operating systems can work in conjunction with a server operating system (here it functions as a client operating system); others include networking capabilities allowing users to set up small networks (e. g. home or small business network). Examples of currently used stand-alone operating systems are Windows 7, Mac OS X, UNIX, and Linux. Server Operating System A server operating system is an operating system that is designed specifically to support a network. These operating systems can support all sizes of networks from small to large-sized networks and Web servers. A server operating system typically resides on a server and provides client machines with access to resources. Examples of server operating systems include Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Solaris, and NetWare. Embedded Operating System The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics, called an embedded operating system, resides on a ROM chip. Most handheld computers and small devices use embedded operating systems. Popular embedded operating systems today include Windows Embedded CE, Windows Mobile, Palm OS, iPhone OS, BlackBerry, Google Android, embedded Linux, and Symbian OS. ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 8 of 9 Library Programs A library program is available to all users of a multi-user computer system, typically to carry out common tasks required by everyone. For example a routine that searches for lost files or restores corrupted files may be stored in a library. Utility Programs A utility program, also called a utility, is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. Most operating systems include several built-in utility programs. Users can also buy stand-alone utility programs. Utility programs perform common tasks that thousands of computer users need to do at some time or another, such as searching for files, viewing images, backing up files and disks, uninstalling programs, defragmenting disks, burning optical discs, and so on. One common utility is compression software such as WinZip that ‘zips’ files so that they occupy less space. This is very useful if your want to transmit a graphic or large data file over the Internet, as the transmission time will be much reduced. References Shelly, G. B, Vermaat, M. E. (2010). Discovering Computers 2011. Boston, MA: Course Technology Daley, B. (2008). Computers Are Your Future 2007. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Heathcote, P. M, Langfield, S. (2004). ‘A’ Level Computing, 5th edition. Oxford: Payne-Gallway Publishers Ltd ICT 100 – Operating Systems Page 9 of 9 How to cite Computer Operating Systems, Essay examples

Piano Concert Review free essay sample

I went to Simon Suns concert at Presbyterian Church, Williamsburg. Simon Sun is a senior at the College of William and Mary majoring in Neuroscience and music. He has played piano for almost seventeen years and was a finalist in the Young Artists International Piano Competition. I was so Impressed by his performance on that day, because I have started to learn piano at an early age also, but I could never be as good as he Is. Simon Is a skillful, dynamic, and energetic player.With a handsome appearance, Simon bowed to audience for a second and darted to play. He has played five big pieces of music totally. The first piece, China Gates by Adams John, was a dynamic one. Its all about changing modes as It passed through each gates. In Simonys performance, I could feel the changing In It. Think Its Important to attract audience with dynamic changing. We will write a custom essay sample on Piano Concert Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, he played Plano Sonata Pop. 57 In F minor by Beethoven Ludwig v. Its a long piece with three movements. Simon was not playing the Plano but actually controlled the piano. HIS figures moved fast and flexible. Sometimes, the right arm was crossed the left arm easily. Also, Simon was a good conductor. He has conducted a small symphony orchestra and a choir group in the concert. Its important to apply his piano experience on other music related areas. I have read a book called Outlier last year, it is said that once people have practiced one skill for more than ten thousand hours, they would be perfect at that skill. So does Simon, I guess he must both practice very hard during the past seventeen years and is a talented person.